Although it has funded the development of some new technologies to help enable biological and biomedical research in space (such as new sensors), the development of new technology was not a major emphasis of the program until the Advanced Human Support Technology Program was established. This division is also responsible for planning the life sciences research that will be carried out on the International Space Station (ISS) beginning in approximately 1999. The Life Sciences Division has selected and sponsored most of the ground-and space-based biomedical and biological research funded by NASA since scientific research was initially performed on the Space Shuttle in the mid-1980s. OLMSA was created in March 1993 from three divisions (life sciences, microgravity sciences and applications, and flight systems) of the Office of Space Sciences and Applications (OSSA). These four programs are loosely connected by the common thread of human support but vary greatly in their technology development, scheduling, and funding challenges. The program includes advanced life support systems (ALS), advanced environmental monitoring and control (EMC), advanced extravehicular activity systems (EVA), and space human factors engineering (SHF). The Advanced Human Support Technology Program resides in the Life Sciences Division of the NASA Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (OLMSA). overall scientific and technical quality.relationships between the research program and the success of future NASA missions.high-priority areas for technology research and development (R&D).In Chapters 2 through 5, which deal with each of the four programs that comprise the Advanced Human Support Technology Program, the findings and recommendations are grouped into eight categories. The Executive Summary provides a summary of the most important recommendations. The findings and recommendations in this report have been organized in the following way. The statement of task for the study is provided in Appendix A. This means that significant improvements in human support technologies are unlikely to be made in time to meet NASA's long-term goals unless they are nurtured and advanced by NASA. But technologies for recycling oxygen from carbon dioxide, for example, are crucial only to long-duration, crewed space missions. For example, advances in computing, electric power production, energy storage, communications, guidance and navigation, and structural analysis are essential to virtually all types of spacecraft. However, in the United States, the technologies unique to supporting humans in space are unlikely to be developed outside of NASA. Many advances in space technology that have been made by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), military and national security organizations, and commercial space projects have been applied to subsequent, unrelated missions.
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